Osmanli Devleti
WHO WAS FATIH SULTAN MEHMET?
WHO WAS FATIH SULTAN MEHMET? ABUL FETH SULTAN MUHAMMED. FATIH SULTAN MUHAMMAD AL-CONQUEROR.
The Prophet ﷺ is reported to have said, ‘Verily you shall conquer Constantinople. What a wonderful leader he will be, and what a wonderful army will that army be!’ [Musnad Ahmad, Al Hakim, al Jami’ al Saghir]
Constantinople, as it was then known, was capital of the Byzantine Empire. It was surrounded by many Muslim states.
Sultan Mehmet II, also known as Mehmet the Conqueror, led an army and conquered Istanbul in 1453.
He had planned to conquer Istanbul when he was just a prince.
Mehmet II gave orders to prepare for a siege of Edirne, a northwestern province of present-day Turkey which shares a land border with Greece.
In 1452, Zaganos Pasha, a formidable Ottoman commander, fortified the Anatolian Fortress and finished building the Rumanian Fortress, both overlooking the Bosphorus Strait. The idea was to block military assistance to the Byzantine Empire in Istanbul through the Black Sea.
Urban, a Hungarian cannon caster, prepared cannonballs that would be fired from the Rumelian Fortress.
The cannonballs submerged the ship of a trespasser, Venetian Antonio Rizzo in the Bosphorus.
This success made it crucial to build larger cannonballs to demolish the walls of Istanbul. So, cannonballs weighing 600 kg (1,322.77 pounds) with a diameter of 62.6 cm (2.03 feet) were casted in Edirne.
After the cannonballs were brought to Istanbul and the Rumelian Army arrived, Mehmet II demanded that Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI should leave the city and declared war.
– First attack
The first attack was carried out on April 18, 1453, but it failed causing losses to the Ottoman army.
Moreover, defenders of the city received military assistance from three Genoese and one Byzantine ship, which broke the Ottoman blockade in the Bosphorus on April 20.
Aksemseddin, a famous scientist of the era who supported the Sultan in those difficult days, wrote a letter to the Sultan saying the siege must go on. This is the only document of the incident which has been preserved to this day.
– Moving ships on ground
A second plan was put in place. Some 60 ships were moved toward the Golden Horn on a road through a small cove with the help of men and oxens.
The ships reached the Golden Horn on April 22 shocking the Byzantine army which was hopeful of assistance from Genoese ships.
Six days later, Venetian Admiral Giocomo Coco failed to destroy Ottoman ships and was buried in the Golden Horn waters with his ship.
On May 6, the Ottoman army shifted its focus on the city walls between Topkapi and Edirnekapi, which had been weakened due to cannonballs.
– Rumors cause despair
Meanwhile, the Hungarian ambassador came to the Ottoman army and threatened that a Crusader army would set sail if the siege was not called off. Byzantinian men also sneaked into the Ottoman army spreading rumors that help was coming for the enemy from the Balkan side.
The nearly 50-day siege had created unrest in the Ottoman army.
Sultan Mehmet II ordered Zaganos Pasha to carry out the final attack on May 29.
Constantine XI, on the other hand, was trying to keep his realm in high spirits by organizing religious rite one after the other.
– Three-wave attack
During the massive three-wave attack of the Ottomans at sunrise, Giovanni Giustiniani-Lungo, a Genoese soldier who was leading the defense was injured.
Topkapi city walls and its high tower were destroyed by artillery fire and burning gunpowder.
Constantine XI along with his comrades was killed by Ottoman soldiers.
Mehmet II entered the city victorious and went to the dome of Hagia Sophia to get a view of Istanbul.
He then ended the siege.
– New Age begins
Istanbul was declared the new capital of Ottoman Empire.
With the conquest of Istanbul, the 1058-year Byzantine Empire dissipated, the Middle Age ended and the New Age began.
Mehmet II initiated the classical period of Ottoman Empire.
Written By: Murat Mert
Osmanli Devleti
The Clock Towers From The Archive Of Sultan Abdul Hamid
The Clock Towers From The Archive Of Sultan Abdul Hamid
The clock, which provided great convenience to people with its invention, was located in the city squares at a size and height that everyone could see before it got smaller and went into pockets. Although they were built in the West, these historical buildings, which became works of art in the East, were the most striking architectural works of the cities. On the 25th anniversary of Sultan AbdulHamid’s accession to the throne, it spread to the interior of Anatolia, with the governors sending an edict to build a clock tower. We have compiled the photographs of clock towers that have witnessed centuries from the archive of Sultan AbdulHamid.
Amasya Clock Tower
Ankara Clock Tower
Baghdad Clock Tower
Balıkesir Clock Tower
Balıkesir Clock Tower
Darülfünun building and clock tower in Mumbai, India
Architectural works of the period reflect this feature because they were built in baroque, empire, eclectic and neo-classical styles. Clock towers are usually plain stone structures. Clock towers in Tophane, Yıldız Palace, Dolmabahçe, İzmir and İzmit are the most ornate.
Clock tower in the garden of Osman Gazi tomb
The clock tower located in Tophane Park in Bursa; It was first built during the reign of Sultan Abdulaziz. It was demolished at an unknown date, however, until the 1900s. Its construction started again in 1904 and was completed on August 31, 1905. It was put into service with a ceremony by the Governor Reşit Mümtaz Pasha on 31 August 1906 in honor of Abdülhamid’s accession to the throne.
Edirne Clock Tower
The tower, which became known as the “Macedonian Clock Tower” after the wooden floors and clocks that had been built by Hacı İzzet Pasha, one of the governors of Edirne, on the tower in 1866-1867, was severely damaged in the 1953 earthquake.
Gümülcine Clock Tower
Halep Clock Tower
İzmir Station Clock Tower
Konya Clock Tower
Samarra Cami (Mosque) Clock Tower
Samsun Clock Tower
Tophane Clock Tower
Tripoli Clock Tower
Yanya Clock Tower
Yıldız Palace Hamidiye Clock Tower
Hamidiye Clock Tower is located in Yıldız district of Beşiktaş district of Istanbul. As it can be understood from the tugra on the entrance gate, it was built by AbdulHamid II between 1889 and 1890. The architect of the clock tower, which was built with four sides (octagon) with broken corners, is Sarkis Balyan. There are four inscriptions on the first floor of the tower, a thermometer and barometer on the second floor, and a clock room on the top floor. There is a compass on the decorative roof of the clock tower and a weather vane on its top.
Yozgat Clock Tower
Osmanli Devleti
COUNTRIES RULED FOR YEARS BY THE OTTOMAN
COUNTRIES RULED FOR YEARS BY THE OTTOMAN!
1. Turkiye (…)
2. Bulgaria (545 years)
3. Greece (400 years)
4. Serbia (539 years)
5. Montenegro (539 years)
6. Bosnia and Herzegovina (539 years)
7. Croatia (539 years)
8. Macedonia (539 years)
9. Slovenia (250 years)
10. Romania (490 years)
11. Slovakia (20 years) Ottoman name: Uyvar
12. Hungary (160 years)
13. Moldova (490 years)
14. Ukraine (308 years)
15. Azerbaijan (25 years)
16. Georgia (400 years)
17. Armenia (20 years)
18. Southern Cyprus (293 years)
19. Northern Cyprus (293 years)
20. Southern lands of Russia (291 years)
21. Poland (25 years)-protection- Ottoman name: Lehistan
22. The southeast coast of Italy (20 years)
23. Albania (435 years)
24. Belarus (25 years) -protection-
25. Lithuania (25 years) -protection-
26. Latvia (25 years) -protection-
27. Kosovo (539 years)
28. Vojvodina (166 years) Ottoman name: Banat
29. Iraq (402 years)
30. Syria (402 years)
31. Israel (402 years)
32. Palestine (402 years)
33. Urdun (402 years)
34. Arabia (399 years)
35. Yemen (401 years)
36. Oman (400 years)
37. United Arab Emirates (400 years)
38. Qatar (400 years)
39. Bahrain (400 years)
40. Kuwait (381 years)
41. Western lands of Iran (30 years)
42. Lebanon (402 years)
43. Egypt (397 years)
44. Libya (394 years) Ottoman name: Tripoli
45. Tunisia (308 years )
46. Algeria (313 years)
47. Sudan (397 years) Ottoman name: Nubia
48. Eritrea (350 years) Ottoman name: Habes
49. Djibouti (350 years)
50. Somalia (350 years) Ottoman name: Zeyla
51. Kenyan beaches (350 years)
52. Tanzanian beaches (250 years)
53. Northern regions of Chad (313 years) Ottoman name: Reşade
54. Part of Niger (300 years) Ottoman name: Kavar
55. The northern lands of Mozambique (150 years)
56. Morocco (50 years) -protection-
57. Western Sahara (50 years) -protection-
58. Mauritania (50 years) -patronage-
59. Mali (300 years) Ottoman name: Gat Kazası
60. Senegal (300 years)
61. Gambia (300 years)
62. Guinea-Bissau (300 years)
63. Guinea (300 years )
64. Part of Ethiopia (350 years) Ottoman name: Habeş (Abyssinian)
Although not officially located within the borders of the Ottoman Land borders, the places that are actually connected to the Caliphate are:
65. Muslims of India -Pakistan-
66. East India Muslims -Bangladesh-
67. Singapore
68. Malaysia
69. Indonesia
70. Turkestan Khanates
71. Nigeria
Osmanli Devleti
INEGOL ITS EARLY OTTOMAN CONQUEROR
Inegöl & its early Ottoman conqueror, Turgut Bey
(Translated from the official Inegöl City & Inegöl Chamber Of Commerce & Industry webpages & also some available translations of early chronicles)
If you want, you can skip sections on ancient history of İnegöl & go straight to early Ottoman history [that is being showcased ın Kuruluş Osman Season 3]
About the Name of İnegöl
The name of İnegöl in the Byzantine Period was Angelacoma. However, a source has not yet been found to confirm the claims that the name İnegöl is the distorted pronunciation of Angelacoma.
In the sources, it is seen that the name İnegöl was written in different forms. However, it is known that in most of the Ottoman sources it was written as Ayna-Göl or İne-Göl.
Evliya Çelebi, tells in his travel book that İnegöl is derived from Ezinegöl; He narrates that İnegöl took the name “Ezinegöl” because it was conquered on Friday, that is, Ezine day according to the parlance of those days, and that in time, the “Ez” part at the beginning was removed and it was called only İnegöl.
Archeological Surveys.
The history of İnegöl, according to the findings of the archeological surveys carried out in 1847 and 1942, dates back to 3000 BC. There are 6 mounds of archeological interest in İnegöl, namely Cumatepe, İnegöl 2, Şıbalı, Boğazköy, Palangatepe and Kurşunlu.
Today, the mound in the middle of the city, around the municipality headquarters, is called Cumatepe.
During excavations carried out by Bursa Archeology Museum in 1999 on the Cumatepe mound in the city center, mixed aged objects ranging from the Late Ottoman to the Chalcolithic Period were found.
Inegol in Antiquity
İnegöl has been invaded frequently due to its strategic location on military and commercial routes since ancient times.
It has been determined that Phrygians, Lydians, Persians and Macedonians successively ruled in İnegöl, which has a history of 5000 years. In 74 AD, it came under the rule of the Roman Empire.
And after the split of the Roman Empire in 395 AD, İnegöl passed under the rule of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine). It continued to be under Byzantine rule as a Tekfurluk center until the establishment of the Ottoman Principality by Osman Ghazi.
The Establishment of the Ottoman State and the Conquest of İnegöl
Osman Bey, who became the head of the principality in 1281 upon the death of his father Ertuğrul Bey, began the conquests against Byzantium soon after.
[Official Webpage from Inegol Chamber Of Commerce & Industry also adds that Osman Bey initially followed a policy of maintaining cordial, good working, relationships with the feudal landlords in Bursa, Bilecik and surroundings. Except with Ayah Nikola.]
In a battle with Ayah Nikola, the battle of Ermeni Beli in 1284, he and his men had to retreat after the martyrdom of Baykoca, the son of his brother, Savcı Bey.
Baykoca was the first martyr of the dynasty and his grave is in Hamzabey District of İnegöl.
Despite the retreat (and Bayhoca’s martyrdom), Ottoman history began with this first military operation.
The foundations of a state that would rule for six centuries were laid in the quadrangle of Söğüt, Bilecik, Domaniç and İnegöl in a short period of time.
After a while, Osman Bey raided Kulaca Castle near İnegöl and conquered the castle. The year of this conquest event was recorded as Hijri, 684, Gregorian, 1285 in the chronıcles of Aşıkpaşazade, and it was stated that this conquest was the first conquest of Osman Gazi.
[It is also mentioned in some early chronicles that deeply affected by Bayhoca’s martyrdom, Osman Bey never visited Angelacoma (İnegöl) and surroundings for approximately 14-15 years, while continuing with conquering other castles – the Karcahisar (İnönü Castle), Bilecik and Yarhisar Castles. A great many friends of feudal landlord of Angelacoma were thus erased from history]
Concerned about these developments, İnegöl tekfuru, Nikola, formed an alliance with other tekfurs to eliminate Osman Bey.
Osman Bey, becoming aware of this alliance, assigned the conquest of İnegöl to his comrade, Turgut Alp.
[in many early sources, Turgut Alp is referred to as Osman Bey’s dear friend & comrade – which make it reasonable to assume that age wise, he ‘might’ have been Osman Bey’s contemporary. This is the more widespread understanding & the reason why in the earlier TRT series on Osman Bey, he was shown as Osman Bey’s contemporary & friend]
With the siege plan implemented by Turgut Alp, İnegöl was finally conquered in 1299. After this conquest, Osman Bey handed over the administration of İnegöl and its surrounding villages to Turgut Alp.
[[According to early Ottoman sources, Turgut Alp was also with Osman Bey during the conquest of ‘Yarhisar’ and was then commissioned with the conquest of Inegol. In these sources, it is also mentioned that Turgut Alp first sieged the city and then Osman Bey came to his aid. It was also mentioned that during the conquest of Inegol, the city’s Tekfur, Aya Nikola, was executed and thereafter, Osman Bey assigned the administration of Inegöl & ıts surrounding villages to Turgut Alp]
The region where Inegol’s Kirles (Paşaören), Süle, Genci (Turgutalp Village), Gelene (Kayapınar) and Kıran Neighborhoods are located were called the Turguteli-Turgutlar district.
Turgut Alp, who also contributed significantly in the subsequent conquest of Bursa by Sultan Orhan, passed away in the village of Genci (today’s name Turgut alp Köy Mahallesi), where he had settled in his later years.
His mausoleum is on a large hill overlooking İnegöl in Turgut Alpköy Mahallesi, and a memorial ceremony is held around the mausoleum every year on the day of Hıdrellez.
The naming of a neighborhood, a village, an Anatolian High School and a mosque in İnegöl after Turgut Alp is an indication of the place this highly successful early Ottoman commander holds in the collective memory of generations that came after him.
- Salahuddin Ayyubi2 weeks ago
Salahuddin Ayyubi Episode 34
- KURULUS OSMAN1 week ago
Kurulus Osman Episode 172
- MEHMED FETIHLER SULTANI2 weeks ago
Mehmed Fetihler Sultani Episode 25
- Salahuddin Ayyubi5 days ago
Salahuddin Ayyubi Episode 35
- MEHMED FETIHLER SULTANI4 days ago
Mehmed Fetihler Sultani Episode 26
- SEASON 63 days ago
Kurulus Osman Episode 173
- SALAHADDIN AYYUBI ESPAÑOL2 weeks ago
Salahuddin Ayyubi Capitulo 34
- TEMPORADA 61 week ago
Kurulus Osman Capitulo 172